Apple
Apple (Malus Communis L. )
The word apple comes from the Old English word aeppel, which in turnhas recognizable cognates in a number of the northern branches of the Indo-European language family. The prevailing theory is that “apple” maybe one of the most ancient Indo-European words (*abl-) to come down toEnglish in a recognizable form. The scientific name Malus, on the other
Apple tree in flower Wild Malus sieversii apple in Kazakhstan hand ( ALMA = ALMA-ATA ), comes from the Latin word for apple, and ultimately from the archaic Greek mālon (mēlon in later dialects). The legendary place name Avalon is thought to come from a Celtic evolution of the same root as theEnglish “apple”; the name of the town of Avellino, near Naples in Italy is likewise thought to come from the same root via the Italic languages.
Botanical origins
The wild ancestor of Malus domestica is Malus sieversii. It has no common name in English, but is known where it is native as “alma“; in fact, one major city in the region where it is thought to originate is called Alma-Ata, or “father of the apples.” This tree is still found wild in the mountains of Central Asia in southern Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan Tajikistan and Xinjiang, China.
For many years, there was a debate about whether M.domestica evolved from chance hybridization among various wild species. Recent DNA analysis has indicated, however, that the hybridization theory is probably false. Instead, it appears that a single species, which is still growing in the Ili Valley on the northern slopes of the Tien Shan mountains at the border of northwest China and the former Soviet Republic of Kazakhstan, is the likely progenitor of the apples people eat today. Leaves taken from trees in this area were analyzed for DNA composition, which showed them all to belong to the species
APPLE (Malus Domestica)
Apples in mythology;
In the Christian tradition, it is the apple that is often depicted as the forbidden fruit at
the center of the Genesis account of the fall of Adam and Eve
As symbolic of love and sexuality in art, the apple is often an attribute associated with Venus who is shown holding it.
In Greek mythology the hero Heracles, as a part of his Twelve Labours, was required to travel to the Garden of the Hesperides and pick the golden apples off the Tree of Life growing at its center.
The Greek goddess of discord, Eris, became disgruntled after she was excluded from the wedding of Peleus and Thetis. In retaliation, she tossed a golden apple inscribed Kallisti (“For the most beautiful one”), into the wedding party. Three goddesses claimed the apple: Hera, Athena, and Aphrodite. Paris of Troy was appointed to select the recipient. After being bribed by both Hera and Athena, Aphrodite tempted him with the most beautiful woman in the world, Helen of Sparta. He awarded the apple to Aphrodite, thus indirectly causing the Trojan War.
Atalanta, also of Greek mythology, raced all her suitors in an attempt to avoid marriage. She outran all but Hippomenes, who defeated her by cunning, not speed. Hippomenes knew that he could not win in a fair race, so he used three golden apples to distract Atalanta. It took all three apples and all of his speed, but Hippomenes was finally successful, winning the race and Atalanta’s hand.
In Norse mythology, the goddess Iðunn was the appointed keeper of apples that kept the Æsir young forever. Iðunn was abducted by Þjazi the giant, who used Loki to lure Iðunn and her apples out of Ásgarðr. The Æsir began to age without Iðunn’s apples, so they coerced Loki into rescuing her. After borrowing Freyja’s falcon skin, Loki liberated Iðunn from Þjazi by transforming her into a nut for the flight back. Þjazi gave chase in the form of an eagle, where upon reaching Ásgarðr he was set aflame by a bonfire lit by the Æsir. With the return of Iðunn’s apples, the Æsir regained their lost youth.
Celtic mythology includes a story about Conle who receives an apple that feeds him for a year but also gives him an irresistible desire for Fairyland.
Calorie Information
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | Calorie | %DV |
| Calories | 209 (875 kJ) | 10% |
| From Carbohydrate | 204 (854 kJ) | |
| From Fat | 2.3 (9.6 kJ) | |
| From Protein | 2.7 (11.3 kJ) |
Vitamins
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | Amount | %DV |
| Vitamin C | 3.4 mg | |
| Vitamin E (Alpha Tocopherol) | 0.5 mg | 2% |
| Vitamin K | 2.6 mcg | 3% |
| Riboflavin | 0.1 mg | 8% |
| Niacin | 0.8 mg | 4% |
| Vitamin B6 | 0.1 mg | 5% |
| Pantothenic Acid | 0.2 mg | 2% |
| Choline | 15.1 mg |
Carbohydrates
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | AMOUNT | %DV |
| Total Carbohydrate | 56.7 g | 19% |
| Dietary Fiber | 7.5 g | 30% |
| Sugars | 49.2 g |
| Minerals; | ||
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | Amount | %DV |
| Calcium | 12.0mg | 1% |
| Iron | 1.2mg | 7% |
| Magnesium | 13.8mg | 3% |
| Phosphorus | 32.7mg | 3% |
| Potassium | 387mg | 11% |
| Sodium | 74.8mg | 3% |
| Zinc | 0.2mg | 1% |
| Copper | 0.2mg | 8% |
| Manganese | 0.1mg | 4% |
| Selenium | 1.1mcg |
Fats & Fatty Acids
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | Amount | %DV |
| Total Fat | 0.3g | 0% |
| Saturated Fat | 0.0g | 0% |
| Monounsaturated Fat | 0.0g | |
| Polyunsaturated Fat | 0.1g | |
| Total Omega-3 fatty acids | 13.8mg | |
| Total Omega-6 fatty acids | 66.2mg |
Protein & Amino Acids;
| Amounts Per Selected Serving | Amount | %DV |
| Protein | 0.8g | 2% |
Health benefits
‘To eat an apple going to bed Will make the doctor beg his bread.’
Research suggests that apples may reduce the risk of colon cancer ,prostate cancer, and lung cancer.
Like many fruits apples contain Vitamin C as well as a host of other antioxidant compounds, which may explain some of the reduced risk of cancer (with the free radical elimination reducing cancer risk by counteracting DNA
The fiber in the fruit (while less than most otherfruits) helps keep the bowels healthy, which may be a factor in the reduced risk of colon cancer. They may also help with heart disease and controlling cholesterol since apples lack cholesterol and have fiber, which reduces cholesterol by preventing re-absorption. They are bulky for their caloric content, like most fruits and vegetables and may help with weight loss.
A group of chemicals in apples could protect the brain from the type of damage that triggers such neurodegenerative diseases as Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
Chang Y. Lee (2003) of Cornell University found that the apple phenolics, which are naturally occurring antioxidants found in fresh apples, can protect nevre cells from neurotoxicity induced by oxidative stress. The researchers used Red Delicious apples grown in New York State to provide the extracts to study the effects of phytochemicals. Lee reported that all domestic apples are high in the critical phytonutrients (usually used to refer to compounds found in plants that are not required for normal functioning of the body, but that nonetheless have a beneficial effect on health
Medicinal Uses;
The chief dietetic value of apples lies in the malic and tartaric acids. These acids are of signal benefit to persons of sedentary habits, who are liable to liver derangements, and they neutralize the acid products of gout and indigestion.
The acids of the Apple not only make the fruit itself digestible, but even make it helpful in digesting other foods. Popular instinct long ago led to the association of apple sauce with such rich foods as goose, and the old English fancy for eating apple pie with cheese, an obsolete taste, nowadays, is another example of instinctive inclination, which science has approved.
The sugar of a sweet apple, like most fruit sugars, is practically a predigested food, and is soon ready to pass into the blood to provide energy and warmth for the body.
A ripe raw apple is one of the easiest vegetable substances for the stomach to deal with, the whole process of its digestion being completed in eighty-five minutes.
The juice of apples, without sugar, will often reduce acidity of the stomach; it becomes changed into alkaline carbonates, and thus corrects sour fermentation.
Ripe, juicy apples eaten at bedtime every night will cure some of the worst forms of constipation. Sour apples are the best for this purpose. Some cases of sleeplessness have been cured in this manner. People much inclined to biliousness will find this practice very valuable. In some cases stewed apples will agree perfectly well, while raw ones prove disagreeable.
The Apple will also act as an excellent dentifrice, being a food that is not only cleansing to the teeth on account of its juices, but just hard enough to mechanically push back the gums so that the borders are cleared of deposits.
A French physician has found that the bacillus of typhoid fever cannot live long in apple juice, and therefore recommends doubtful drinking water to be mixed with cider.
A glucoside in small crystals is obtainable from the bark and root of the apple, peach and plum, which is said to induce artificial diabetes in animals, and thus can be used in curing it in human beings.
Cooked apples make a good local application for sore throat in fevers, inflammation of the eyes, erysipelas, etc.
WASHING ;
Apple Coolecting from trees ,cleaning and washing to remove all kind of dirties
SLICING ;
After washing apple by cutting machines they are automatically slicing
ACIDIFY ;
Apple contains organic acids which oxidizing with air very fast such as maleic acid . To prevent colour change common method washing siliced apples into Ascorbic Acid( Vit C ) water or Citric Acid water in 10 -15 minutes
DRYING ;
Apple dehydrated in the air drying methods which in this method air circulates between apple slices which they are not in touch each other .This operation takes min 12 hour at 55 0 C
CONDITIONING ;
After dehydrating ( drying ) we need 10 minutes waiting at room temperature
PACKING ;
Dried Apple packed in special plastic bags which not absorb water or not effect from humudity
APPLE ( Malus Domestica –Pyrus Malus ) ;
BOTANIC ;
Apple ( Malus Domestica ) is a genus of 30-35 species of the flowering plant family of rosaceae ( Rose ) .Apple ( Malus Domestica ) ,domesticated orchard or Table Apple
Other species of Apple is “ wild Apple “ or Crap apple “ .
The genus is native to the temperate zone of the Northern Hemisphere, in Europe, Asia, and North America.
Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely. The trees are used
as food plants by the larvae of a large number of Lepidoptera species. The fruit
is a globose pome, varying in size from 1–4 cm diameter in most of the wild
species, to 6 cm in M. pumila, 8 cm in M. sieversii, and even larger in cultivated
orchard apples. The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like,
each containing one to two (rarely
ARBORICULTURE ;
Malus species, including domestic apples, hybridize freely. The center of the fruit contains five carpels arranged star-like,each containing one to two (rarely three) seeds
Malus domestica, the domesticated orchard apple, is a small tree, generally reaching 5–12 meters in height, with a broad, often densely twiggy crown.Apples require cross-pollination between individuals by insects which freely visit the flowers for both nectar and pollen
The leaves of domestic apple trees are alternately arranged simple oval with an acute tip and serrated margin, slightly downy below, 5–12 cm long and 3–6 cm broad on a 2–5 cm petiole.
The flowers produced in spring with the leaves, are usually white, often tinged with pink at first. The flowers are about 2.5– 3.5 cm diameter, with five petals, and with usually red stamens that produce copious pollen and an inferior ovary. Flowering occurs in the spring after 50–80 growing degree days. All flowers are self-sterile, and self-pollination is impossible, making pollinating insects essential. The honeybee is the most effective pollinator of domestic apples
There 7500 different apple tree on earth .